I saw this post today on Reddit and was curious to see if views are similar here as they are there.
- What are the best benefits of self-hosting?
- What do you wish you would have known as a beginner starting out?
- What resources do you know of to help a non-computer-scientist/engineer get started in self-hosting?
- you do not need kubernetes
- you do not need anything to be „high availability”, that just adds a ton of complexity for no benefit. Nobody will die or go broke if your homelab is down for a few days.
- tailscale is awesome
- docker-compose is awesome
- irreplaceable data gets one offsite backup, one local backup, and ideally one normally offline backup (in case you get ransomwared)
- yubikeys are cool and surprisingly easy to use
- don’t offer your services to other people until you are sure you can support it, your backups are squared away, and you are happy with how things are set up.
To piggy back on your “You don’t need k8s or high availability”,
If you want to optimize your setup in a way that’s actually beneficial on the small, self hosted scale, then what you should aim for is reproducibility. Docker compose, Ansible, NixOS, whatever your pleasure. The ability to quickly take your entire environment from one box and move it to another, either because you’re switching cloud providers or got a nicer hardware box from a garage sale.
When Linode was acquired by Akamai and subsequently renamed, I moved all my cloud containers to Vultr by rsyncing the folder structure to the new VM over SSH, then running the compose file on the new server. The entire migration short of changing DNS records took like 5 minutes of hands-on time.
I have a k3s cluster for fun and I can admit that k8s is way too complicated.
I don’t want to dig hours through documentation to find what I’m looking for. The docs sometimes feel like they were written for software devs and you should figure part of the solution yourself.
I have a ExternalName service that keeps fucking up my cluster everytime it restarts, bringing down my ingresses, because for some reason it doesn’t work and I have no idea where to look at to figure out why it doesn’t work - I just end up killing the service and reapplying the yaml file and it works.
I had to diagnose why my SSL certificates would get stuck in “issuing” in cert-manager, had to dig through 4 or 5 different resources until I got to an actual, descriptive error message telling me that I configured my ClusterIssuer wrongly.
I wanted a k3s cluster to learn but every time I have issues with it I realize it’s a terrible idea.
I wish I had podman + compose but it does seem like a docker-compose is more complicated. Also, I wish I could do ansible but I have no idea where to start (nor how it works).
EDIT: oh yeah I also lost IPv6 support because k3s by default doesn’t enable v6 and I was planning on using Hetzner CCM to have a 2 node cluster until I realized Hetzner Networks don’t support v6.
Ansible is so simple yet so elegant.
I’ve been in love with the concept of ansible since I discovered it almost a decade ago, but I still hate how verbose it is, and how cumbersome the yaml based DSL is. You can have a role that basically does the job of 3 lines of bash and it’ll need 3 yaml files in 4 directories.
About 3 years ago I wrote a big ansible playbook that would fully configure my home server, desktop and laptop from a minimal arch install. Then I used said playbook for my laptop and server.
I just got a new laptop and went to look at the playbook but realised it probably needs to be updated in a few places. I got feelings of dread thinking about reading all that yaml and updating it.
So instead I’m just gonna rewrite everything in simple python with a few helper functions. The few roles I rewrote are already so much cleaner and shorter. Should be way faster and more user friendly and maintainable.
I’ll keep ansible for actual deployments.
I just moved everything from vultr to self host because of their latest changes.
EDIT: As I suspected, the changes that u/mesamunefire is referencing are the ones that taken out of context awhile back and incorrectly assumed to apply to user VPS’ and the data on them, which is not the case. Those terms only apply to information posted publicly to their website, like the community forums.
What changes would those be
Can’t speak for OP, but I bailed on Vultr because of how they handled the arbitration agreement change. Basically, I couldn’t access my containers without accepting the new TOS, so I “hacked” the website with Inspect Element so I could access support to close my account. For me, the arbitration change wasn’t the issue (my current host has similar policies), but being forced to accept a new TOS to use my account. I had no option do disagree or “remind me later,” I literally only had an “accept” button. I refuse to use any service that treats me like that.
I’m now with Hetzner, so we’ll see if they pull that nonsense. I only use the VPS to get around my ISP’s CGNAT (WireGuard VPN w/ HAProxy at the edge to route domains), so if they pull the same nonsense, I’ll copy my config to another VPS.
How is Hetzner?
Seems to work fine and meets my needs. I’m in the US though, and options are pretty limited. So far the only snag I’ve had was having to upload my ID, I guess their signup process is a little strict.
Nice. I’m all about new providers
https://old.reddit.com/r/webdev/comments/1boz5ne/vultr_new_tos_claims_all_commercial_rights_to/ " You hereby grant to Vultr a non-exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, fully paid-up, worldwide license (including the right to sublicense through multiple tiers) to use, reproduce, process, adapt, publicly perform, publicly display, modify, prepare derivative works, publish, transmit and distribute each of your User Content, or any portion thereof, in any form, medium or distribution method now known or hereafter existing, known or developed, and otherwise use and commercialize the User Content in any way that Vultr deems appropriate, without any further consent, notice and/or compensation to you or to any third parties, for purposes of providing the Services to you."
And you could not opt out. You had to click agree in order to login. That’s the biggest one.
It was later removed after the fact but there were other changes that sucked.
I had customer data as well as some personal stuff on a couple of servers. It was low hanging fruit so I just started self hosting. It’s silly how much rights they suddenly wanted. Not worth the hassle, they just provide basic boxes to begin with.
They also would not let you login without accepting those new rights now were you able to opt out. So I just threw my infa on some local systems, deleted everything and then had to say yes to their TOS. Again silly and great way to lose business.
That only applies to posts on their forums. Not the content on your VPS
Nope. It’s the content.
Incorrect. It applies only to the forums. It does not apply in any way, shape, or form to your VPS or the content on it. It’s one thing to be mistaken, but let’s not spread misinformation on purpose.
A Reddit post incorrectly took portions of our Terms of Service out of context, which only pertain to content provided to Vultr on our public mediums (community-related content on public forums, as an example) for purposes of rendering the needed services – e.g., publishing comments, posts, or ratings. This is separate from a user’s own, private content that is deployed on Vultr services.
Since our inception, Vultr has been committed to upholding and adhering to the strictest data privacy and protection standards across the world (including HIPAA, GDPR, and DPDPA). Our customers own 100% of their content.
I had a similar experience with NixOS-anywhere and a VPS issue. Reset the OS, setup SSH key access and ran NixOS-anywhere and within like 15 minutes was back up and running.
Not needing Kubernetes is a broad statement. It allows for better management of storage and literally gives you a configurable reverse-proxy configured with YAML if you know what you’re doing.
Yes, but you don’t need Kubernetes from the start.
Well I guess podman works fine for the first few months. Interestingly I still use build-ah heavily for building my custom images
I find a lot of stuff is using docker compose, which works with Podman, but using straight docker is easier, especially if it’s nothing web-facing
Funnily enough Docker compose has never worked for me on Podman. There always seems to be something that is incompatible (also due to me running on Debian). However, I feel like it should become a standard amongst homelabbers and professionals to use Kubernetes manifests going forward, since it is the most portable.
Heavy disagree on the storage statement from what I’ve used and seen but it works for lots of people so not going to detract. NFS is always a pain but longhorn seems to have advantages
NFS is a pain, no question about it. I used to use longhorn but these days since I’m doing a single node k3s I’m just doing hostpath. It’s that PVCs make intuitive sense to me, but I guess podman will likely work just fine for such cases other than canary deployments and OOTB service-meshes
It is much easier to buy one “hefty” physical machine and run ProxMox with virtual machines for servers than it is to run multiple Raspberry Pis. After living that life for years, I’m a ProxMox shill now. Backups are important (read the other comments), and ProxMox makes backup/restore easy. Because eventually you will fuck a server up beyond repair, you will lose data, and you will feel terrible about it. Learn from my mistakes.
My reason for self hosting is being in control of my shit, and not the cloud provider.
I run jellyfin, soulseek, freshRSS, audiobookshelf and nextcloud. All of that on a pi 4 with an SSD attached and then accessible via wireguard. Also that sad is accessible as nfs share.
As I had already known Linux very well before I’ve started my own cloud, I didn’t really had to learn much.
The biggest resource I could recommend is that GitHub repository where a huge amount of awesomely selfhosted solutions are linked.
Yes that one, thanks.
2.What do you wish you would have known as a beginner starting out?
Caddy. Once you try Caddy there’s no turning back to Nginx or Apache.
I’ve been meaning to try Caddy, but I just can’t even imagine something simpler than NginxProxyManager.
LOL, as a noob I went with caddy, then traefik before settling on NPM. Ironically, all the “QoL” features people brag about just made base configs harder and lead to shit randomly failing.
NPM has been solid as a rock, even if I have to do slightly more work, it’s more reliable and does what I want quicker and easier than the alternative.
Silly question how safe are caddy plugins? (especially dns challenge modules like cloudflare, duckdns, etc).
https://github.com/caddy-dns https://github.com/caddy-dns/cloudflare/tree/master
Not sure if those plugins are covered by caddy’s security disclosure policy
I maintain the DNS plugin for Vultr and I can say that it’s “safe”, but if you’re worried you should check their source code.
I believe it’s easier to have a vulnerability in the external provider’s API (for example, caddy-dns/vultr uses govultr) than Caddy. But I wouldn’t take things for granted if I was skeptical about these plugins.
Benefits:
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Cheap storage that I can use both locally and as a private cloud. Very convenient for
piracystoring all my legally obtained files. -
Network wide adblocking. Massive for mobile games/apps.
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Pivate VPN. Really useful for using public networks and bypassing network restrictions.
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Gives me an excuse to buy really cool, old server and networking hardware.
As for things I wish I knew… Don’t use windows for servers. Just don’t.
SMB sucks, try NFS.
Use docker, managing 5 or 10 different apps without containers is a nightmare.
Bold of you to assume I’m a computer scientist or engineer or that I have a degree lmao. I just hate ads, subscriptions and network restrictions, so I learned how to avoid those things. As for resources to get started… Look up TrueNAS scale. It basically does all of the work for you.
How’s the network wide ad blocking work, that would solve a big issue with my kids.
You either set the DNS settings per device to the system running PiHole / AdGuard Home, or if your router allows, set the DNS there. It’s ideal to set it on the router.
Any time a device makes a DNS request to a domain, it’s checked against the list. If found, it’s stopped. If not found, it gets sent upstream to your choice of a public DNS configured during setup. I use Cloudflare (1.1.1.1, 1.0.0.1).
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- Learning. If you ever found yourself tired of learning new things, your life is basically done.
- Cost. You already have an internet connection at home. It’s practically a necessity these days. The connection is likely fast enough for most things. Renting even the most piddly of VPS is wildly expensive. Just throw a spare machine at it and go wild.
- Freedom. Your own data is constantly being collected, regurgitated, and sold back to you. More people need to care about this incessant invasion of our lives.
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- Backups. 3 copies, on different forms of storage, in multiple PHYSICALLY distinct locations. Just when you have that teeny little imp in the back of your mind say “hmm, I should probably back up soon” – stop everything you’re doing and run a backup.
- Test your recovery! Backups are only good if you can recover from them. Many have lost data because they failed to ever fail-test their backups.
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- Google. Legitimately the best skill you can ever attain is simply being able to search effectively and be able to learn jargon quickly. Once you have the lingo down, searches become clearer, quicker, more precise.
For #1 I would say not to focus on learning the same kind of thing that you started at some point recently. It took me a few months to get my local setup going since I would do it after work (also similar skills) and get tired of poking around.
At some point I gave up and started doing other things that brought me joy (video games, paint night with YouTube tutorials, movies/TV). When I finally decided to get back to it, it was enjoyable again. If I have to re-do it from scratch it could be done in probably a few hours or at most some nights after work and would be enjoyable since the annoying “got ya” lessons are somewhere on memory or some searches away that could be filtered much quicker.
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Podman quadlets have been a blessing. They basically let you manage containers as if they were simple services. You just plop a container unit file in
/etc/containers/systemd/, daemon-reload and presto, you’ve got a service that other containers or services can depend on.Is containers here used in the same context as docker? I’m not familiar with podman.
Just about but it’s more experimental.
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I’ve learned a number of tools I’d never used before, and refreshed my skills from when I used to be a sysadmin back in college. I can also do things other people don’t loudly recommend, but fit my style (Proxmox + Puppet for VMs), which is nice. If you have the right skills, it’s arbitrarily flexible.
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What electricity costs in my area. $0.32/KWh at the wrong time of day. Pricier hardware could have saved me money in the long run. Bigger drives could also mean fewer, and thus less power consumption.
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Google, selfhosting communities like this one, and tutorial-oriented YouTubers like NetworkChuck. Get ideas from people, learn enough to make it happen, then tweak it so you understand it. Repeat, and you’ll eventually know a lot.
- What electricity costs in my area. $0.32/KWh at the wrong time of day.
I assume you have this on a UPS. What about using a smart plug to switch to UPS during the expensive part of the day, then back to mains to charge when it’s cheaper? I imagine that needs a bigger UPS than one would ordinarily spec, and that cost would probably outweigh the electric bill, but never know.
That’s not really what a UPS is designed for, they’re meant to last minutes. Long enough for a clean shutdown or to start a generator.
You’d want something like a whole house battery backup instead.
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- less is more, it’s fine to sunset stuff you don’t use enough to afford them using cpu cycles, memory and power
- search warrants are a real thing and you should not trust others to use your infrastructure responsibly because you will be the one paying for it if they don’t.
Is there a story attached to no. 2?
Well, turns out that when you host a private service that allows others to share files, they might share files that they are not allowed to share. But in return your door gets kicked in in the morning and suddenly no one wants to take credit for the actual upload anymore.
Yeah… Becoming a public-facing file host for others to use seem rather irresponsible.
If/when a user’s given a means of uploading files to my server, there’s no method/permissions for them to share those files with others; it’s really just for them to send files to me. (Filebrowser is pretty good for that)
That and almost nothing is public access; auth or gtfo.
For #2 and #3, it’s probably exceedingly obvious, but wish I would have truly understood ssh, remote VS Code, and enough git to put my configs on a git server.
So much easier to manage things now that I’m not trying to edit docker compose files with nano and hoping and praying I find the issue when I mess something up.
I know this is coming up on my radar, but I am not quite sure where to start. Might you have any resources on hand to point me in the right direction?
Especially once I have everything dialed in the way I want, I’d love to be able to pull from my own repo to get stuff running again/spin up a new instance
Honestly, I learned a ton from these guys: https://www.smarthomebeginner.com/
I’ve diverged a good bit since then of the services I’ve added and the specifics of how I configure things (I still use Traefik whereas I think they’ve shifted to Nginx), but they have a great example of a GitHub repo and what it looks like to manage a self-hosted server.
I would’ve wished
- don’t rush things into production.
- dont offer a service to a friend without really knowing and having the experience to keep it up when needed.
- dont make it your life. The services are there to help you, not to be your life.
- use docker. Podman is not yet ready for mainstream, in my experience. When the services move to podman officially it’s time to move. Just because jellyfin offers official documentation for it, doesn’t mean it’ll work with podman (my experience)
- just test all services with the base docker install. If something isn’t working, there may be a bug or two. Report if it is a bug. Hunt a bug down if you can. maybe it’s just something that isn’t documented (well enough) for a beginner.
- start on your own machine before getting a server. A pi is enough for lightweight stuff but probably not for a fast and smooth experience with e.g. nextcloud.
- backup.
- search for help. If not available in a forum. ask for help. Dont waste many many hours if something isnt working. But research it first and read the documentation.
Podman is not yet ready for mainstream, in my experience
My experience varies wildly from yours, so please don’t take this bit as gospel.
Have yet to find a container that doesn’t work perfectly well in podman. The options may not be the same. Most issues I’ve found with running containers boil down to things that would be equally a problem in docker. A sample:
- “rootless” containers are hard to configure. It can almost always be fixed with “–privileged” or some combination of permission flags. This would be equally true for docker; the only meaningful difference is podman tries to push everything into rootless. You don’t have to.
- network filesystems cause headaches, especially smbfs + sqlite app. I’ve had to use NFS or ext4 inside a network-mounted image for some apps. This problem is identical for docker.
- container networking–for specific cases–needs to managed carefully. These cases are identical for docker.
And that’s it. I generally run things once from the podman command line, then use podlet to create a quadlet out of that configuration, something you can’t do with docker. If you are having any trouble with running containers under podman, try the --privileged shortcut, see that it works, and then double back if you think you really need rootless.
- Our internet goes out periodically, so having everything local is really nice. I set up DNS on my router, so my TLS certs work fine without hitting the internet.
- I wish someone would’ve taught me how to rip blurays. It wasn’t a big deal, but everything online made it sound super sketchy flashing firmware onto a Bluray drive.
- I’m honestly not sure. I’m in CS and am really into Linux, so I honestly don’t know what would be helpful. I guess start small and get one thing working at a time. There’s a ton of resources online for all kinds of skill levels, and as long as you do one thing at a time, you should eventually see success.
For me #2 would be “you have ADHD and won’t be able to be medicated so just don’t”
I’ve mentioned elsewhere my server upgrade project took longer than expected.
Just last night I threw it all into the trash because I just can’t anymore
That sex isn’t love.
And love isn’t sex
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